1. Mechanical zog ntawm steel
1. Yield point (σs)
Thaum cov hlau los yog cov qauv yog ncab, thaum qhov kev ntxhov siab tshaj qhov kev txwv elastic, txawm tias qhov kev ntxhov siab tsis nce ntxiv, cov hlau los yog cov qauv tseem txuas ntxiv mus rau qhov pom tseeb ntawm cov yas deformation. Qhov tshwm sim no yog hu ua yielding, thiab qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tus nqi kev ntxhov siab thaum yielding tshwm sim yog rau qhov taw tes tawm. Cia Ps yog lub zog sab nraud ntawm qhov taw tes tawm s, thiab Fo yog qhov chaw hla ntu ntawm tus qauv, ces qhov taw tes tawm σs = Ps / Fo (MPa).
2. Yield zog (σ0.2)
Qhov taw tes tawm ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv hlau yog qhov tsis pom tseeb, thiab nws nyuaj rau ntsuas. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau ntsuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv, qhov kev ntxhov siab thaum cov yas deformation ruaj khov yog sib npaug rau qee tus nqi (feem ntau yog 0.2% ntawm qhov qub ntev) tau teev tseg, uas yog hu ua tus mob. Yield zog los yog yooj yim yield zog σ0.2.
3. Tensile zog (σb)
Qhov siab tshaj plaws tus nqi tau ncav cuag los ntawm cov khoom siv txij thaum pib mus rau lub sijhawm tawg thaum lub sij hawm ncab. Nws sawv cev rau lub peev xwm ntawm steel los tiv thaiv puas. Ua raws li lub zog tensile yog compressive zog, flexural zog, thiab lwm yam. Cia Pb yog lub siab tshaj plaws tensile quab yuam mus txog ua ntej cov khoom tawg, thiab Fo yog qhov chaw seem ntawm cov qauv, ces lub tensile zog σb = Pb / Fo (MPa ).
4. Ntev (δs)
Tom qab cov khoom tawg lawm, feem pua ntawm nws cov yas elongation mus rau qhov ntev ntawm cov qauv qub yog hu ua elongation lossis elongation.
5. Yield ratio (σs/σb)
Qhov piv ntawm qhov taw tes tawm los (yield zog) ntawm cov hlau rau lub zog tensile yog hu ua yield ratio. Qhov ntau dua qhov yield ratio, qhov siab dua qhov kev ntseeg ntawm cov khoom siv. Feem ntau, qhov sib piv ntawm cov pa roj carbon steel yog 0.6-0.65, cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau yog 0.65-0.75, thiab cov hlau alloy yog 0.84-0.86.
6. Hardness
Hardness qhia txog lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom los tiv thaiv nias ib qho khoom nyuaj rau hauv nws qhov chaw. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom siv hlau. Feem ntau, qhov siab dua qhov hardness, qhov zoo dua qhov hnav tsis kam. Feem ntau siv hardness ntsuas yog Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness thiab Vickers hardness.
1) Brinell hardness (HB)
Nias lub pob steel ntawm ib qho me me (feem ntau yog 10mm hauv txoj kab uas hla) rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv nrog ib qho kev thauj khoom (feem ntau 3000kg) thiab khaws cia rau ib lub sijhawm. Tom qab tshem tawm cov load, qhov piv ntawm qhov load mus rau qhov chaw indentation yog Brinell hardness tus nqi (HB).
2) Rockwell hardness (HR)
Thaum HB> 450 lossis cov qauv me dhau, Brinell hardness test tsis tuaj yeem siv thiab ntsuas Rockwell hardness yuav tsum tau siv. Nws siv lub pob zeb diamond lub khob nrog lub kaum sab xis ntawm 120 ° lossis lub pob hlau nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 1.59mm thiab 3.18mm los nias rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum tau kuaj nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam load, thiab hardness ntawm cov khoom yog tau los ntawm qhov tob ntawm indentation. Raws li qhov hardness ntawm cov khoom siv kuaj, nws tuaj yeem raug nthuav tawm hauv peb qhov sib txawv:
HRA: Nws yog qhov hardness tau los ntawm kev siv 60kg load thiab pob zeb diamond cone indenter, thiab yog siv rau cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis tshua muaj siab hardness (xws li cemented carbide, thiab lwm yam).
HRB: Nws yog qhov hardness tau los ntawm kev siv 100kg load thiab hardened steel pob nrog ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 1.58mm. Nws yog siv rau cov ntaub ntawv nrog qis hardness (xws li annealed steel, cam khwb cia hlau, thiab lwm yam).
HRC: Nws yog lub hardness tau los ntawm kev siv 150kg load thiab pob zeb diamond cone indenter, thiab yog siv rau cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj hardness siab (xws li hardened steel, thiab lwm yam).
3) Vickers hardness (HV)
Siv lub pob zeb diamond square cone indenter nrog lub load tsawg dua 120kg thiab lub vertex lub kaum sab xis ntawm 136 ° los nias rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom, thiab faib cov cheeb tsam ntawm qhov chaw indentation los ntawm tus nqi thauj khoom kom tau txais Vickers hardness tus nqi (HV ).
2. Ferrous thiab non-ferrous hlau
1. Ferrous hlau
Hais txog cov hlau thiab hlau. Xws li steel, npua hlau, ferroalloy, cam khwb cia hlau, thiab lwm yam. Ob leeg hlau thiab npua hlau yog alloys raws li hlau nrog carbon raws li lub ntsiab additives, collectively hu ua hlau-carbon alloys.
Pig hlau yog hais txog cov khoom tsim los ntawm smelting hlau ore nyob rau hauv lub moj tej tawg rauv, uas yog tsuas yog siv rau steelmaking thiab casting.
Smelting cam khwb cia npua hlau nyob rau hauv ib tug hlau melting rauv kom tau cam khwb cia hlau (kua hlau-carbon alloy nrog ib tug carbon ntsiab lus ntau tshaj 2.11%), thiab casting cov kua cam khwb cia hlau rau hauv castings, hom cam khwb cia hlau no hu ua cam khwb cia hlau.
Ferroalloy yog ib qho hlau uas muaj hlau, silicon, manganese, chromium, titanium thiab lwm yam khoom. Ferroalloy yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv raw rau steelmaking. Nws yog siv los ua deoxidizer thiab alloy khoom additive rau steel thaum steelmaking.
Hlau-carbon alloys nrog cov ntsiab lus carbon tsawg dua 2.11% yog hu ua hlau, thiab cov hlau tau los ntawm kev muab npua hlau rau steelmaking rau hauv steelmaking rauv thiab smelting nws raws li ib tug txheej txheem. Cov khoom siv hlau muaj xws li steel ingots, nruam casting slabs thiab ncaj qha mus rau hauv ntau yam hlau castings. Feem ntau hais lus, steel feem ntau yog hais txog steel dov rau hauv ntau yam khoom steel.
2. Cov hlau tsis muaj hlau
Kuj hu ua non-ferrous hlau, nws hais txog hlau thiab alloys uas tsis yog ferrous hlau, xws li tooj liab, tin, lead, zinc, aluminium, thiab tooj dag, bronze, aluminium alloys, thiab bearing alloys. Tsis tas li ntawd, chromium, npib tsib xee, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten, titanium, thiab lwm yam kuj siv hauv kev lag luam. Cov hlau no tsuas yog siv los ua cov hlau ntxiv los txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlau. Ntawm lawv, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, thiab lwm yam feem ntau yog siv los tsim riam. nyuaj alloy. Cov hlau uas tsis yog-ferrous saum toj no yog hu ua kev lag luam hlau, ntxiv rau cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig: platinum, kub, nyiaj, thiab lwm yam thiab cov hlau tsis tshua muaj, suav nrog cov xov tooj cua uranium, radium, thiab lwm yam.
3. Kev faib tawm ntawm cov hlau
Ntxiv nrog rau cov hlau thiab carbon, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau muaj xws li silicon, manganese, sulfur thiab phosphorus.
Muaj ntau txoj kev faib cov hlau, thiab cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb yog raws li hauv qab no:
1. cais raws li qhov zoo
(1) Ordinary hlau (P≤0.045%, S≤0.050%)
(2) Cov hlau zoo (ob leeg P thiab S≤0.035%)
(3) Cov hlau zoo (P≤0.035%, S≤0.030%)
2. Kev faib tawm los ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg
(1) carbon steel: a. Cov pa roj carbon tsawg (C≤0.25%); b. Cov pa roj carbon nruab nrab (C≤0.25 ~ 0.60%); c. High carbon steel (C≤0.60%).
(2) Alloy hlau: a. Tsawg alloy hlau (tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm alloying ntsiab ≤ 5%); b. Nruab nrab alloy hlau (tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm alloying ntsiab> 5-10%); c. High alloy hlau (tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm alloying ntsiab> 10% %).
3. Muab faib los ntawm txoj kev tsim
(1) forged steel; (2) steel hlau; (3) kub dov steel; (4) txias-taws steel.
4. Kev faib tawm raws li cov qauv metallographic
(1) Lub xeev Annealed: a. hypoeutectoid hlau (ferrite + pearlite); b. eutectoid steel (pearlite); c. hypereutectoid steel (pearlite + cementite); d. Tensitic steel (pearlite + cementite).
(2) Normalized xeev: a. pearlitic hlau; b. steel hlau; c. martensitic hlau; d. austenitic hlau.
(3) Tsis muaj theem hloov lossis hloov ib nrab theem
5. Kev faib tawm los ntawm lub hom phiaj
(1) Hlau rau kev tsim kho thiab engineering: a. Ordinary carbon structural steel; b. Tsawg alloy qauv steel; c. Reinforced hlau.
(2) Steel Qauv:
a. Hlau rau machinery manufacturing: (a) Quenched thiab tempered structural steel; (b) Nto hardened structural steel: nrog rau carburizing steel, ammoniaated steel, thiab nto hardened steel; (c) Yooj yim-txiav cov qauv hlau; (d) Cold plasticity Steel for forming: nrog rau cov hlau rau txias stamping thiab steel rau txias taub hau.
b. Caij nplooj ntoos hlav steel
c. Cov kabmob steel
(3) Cov cuab yeej steel: a. carbon hlau; b. alloy cuab yeej steel; c. high-speed cuab yeej steel.
(4) Kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb steel: a. Stainless acid-resistant hlau; b. Thaum tshav kub kub-resistant steel: nrog rau cov hlau los tiv thaiv oxidation, tshav kub-lub zog steel, valve steel; c. Hluav taws xob cua sov alloy hlau; d. Hnav-resistant steel; e. Tsawg kub steel; f. Hluav taws xob hlau.
(5) Hlau rau kev siv-xws li hlau rau txuas hniav, steel rau nkoj, steel rau boilers, steel rau siab hlab ntsha, steel rau kev ua liaj ua teb machinery, thiab lwm yam.
6. Kev faib tawm dav dav
(1) Ordinary hlau
a. Carbon steel qauv: (a) Q195; (b) Q215 (A, B); (c) Q235 (A, B, C); (d) Q255 (A, B); (e) Q275.
b. Tsawg alloy structural steel
c. Ordinary structural steel rau lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb
(2) Cov hlau zoo (nrog rau cov qib siab zoo steel)
a. Cov qauv hlau: (a) cov khoom zoo carbon steel; (b) alloy structural steel; (c) caij nplooj ntoos hlav steel; (d) dawb-txiav steel; (e) bearing steel; (f) high-quality steel qauv rau cov hom phiaj tshwj xeeb.
b. Cov cuab yeej steel: (a) carbon tool steel; (b) alloy cuab yeej steel; (c) high-speed tool steel.
c. Kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb steel: (a) stainless acid-resistant steel; (b) kub-resistant steel; (c) hluav taws xob cua sov alloy hlau; (d) hluav taws xob hlau; (e) siab manganese hnav-resistant steel.
7. Muab faib los ntawm txoj kev smelting
(1) Raws li hom rauv
a. Hloov steel: (a) acidic converter steel; (b) yooj yim converter steel. Los yog (a) hauv qab-blown converter steel; (b) sab-blown converter steel; (c) saum-blown converter steel.
b. Hluav taws xob rauv hlau: (a) hluav taws xob arc rauv hlau; (b) electroslag rauv hlau; (c) induction rauv hlau; (d) lub tshuab nqus tsev consumable rauv steel; (e) electron beam rauv hlau.
(2) Raws li qib ntawm deoxidation thiab pouring system
a. Boiling hlau; b. Semi-tua steel; c. Tua hlau; d. Tshwj xeeb tua hlau.
4. Txheej txheem cej luam ntawm kuv lub teb chaws txoj kev sawv cev qib steel
Qhov taw qhia ntawm qib khoom yog feem ntau qhia los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntawv suav pinyin, cov cim tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov lej Arabic. Tam sim no:
① Cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv qib steel yog sawv cev los ntawm cov cim tshuaj lom neeg thoob ntiaj teb, xws li Si, Mn, Cr ... thiab lwm yam. Cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb sib xyaw yog sawv cev los ntawm "RE" (lossis "Xt").
②Cov khoom npe, kev siv, smelting thiab pouring txoj kev, thiab lwm yam yog feem ntau sawv cev los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv luv ntawm Suav Pinyin.
③ Cov ntsiab lus tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb (%) hauv cov hlau yog sawv cev los ntawm cov lej Arabic.
Thaum cov tsiaj ntawv suav suav siv los qhia cov khoom npe, kev siv, cov yam ntxwv thiab cov txheej txheem, thawj tsab ntawv feem ntau raug xaiv los ntawm Suav cov tsiaj ntawv hauv xov tooj uas sawv cev rau cov khoom npe. Thaum nws rov ua dua nrog tsab ntawv xaiv los ntawm lwm cov khoom, tsab ntawv thib ob lossis tsab ntawv thib peb tuaj yeem siv hloov pauv, lossis thawj tsab ntawv pinyin ntawm ob lub cim Suav tuaj yeem xaiv tib lub sijhawm.
Yog tias tsis muaj cov cim Suav thiab pinyin muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm tam sim no, cov cim siv yog cov ntawv Askiv.
Tsib, lub subdivision ntawm tus sawv cev txoj kev ntawm steel qib nyob rau hauv kuv lub teb chaws
1. Kev tsim qauv ntawm carbon structural steel thiab low-alloy high-strength structural steel
Cov hlau siv saum toj no feem ntau muab faib ua ob pawg: cov hlau dav dav thiab cov hlau tshwj xeeb. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev qhia qib yog tsim los ntawm Suav pinyin cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm qhov taw tes tawm los yog lub zog ntawm cov hlau, tus nqi ntawm qhov taw tes los yog lub zog tawm los, qib zoo ntawm cov hlau, thiab qib ntawm deoxidation ntawm cov hlau, uas yog ua tau los ntawm 4 qhov chaw.
① General structural steel txais yuav tsab ntawv pinyin "Q" sawv cev rau qhov taw tes tawm. Tus nqi taw tes tus nqi (unit yog MPa) thiab cov qhab nia zoo (A, B, C, D, E) thiab deoxidation txoj kev (F, b, Z, TZ) thiab lwm cov cim tau teev tseg hauv Table 1 daim ntawv qib hauv kev txiav txim. Piv txwv li: carbon structural steel qib yog qhia raws li: Q235AF, Q235BZ; low-alloy high-strength structural steel qib yog qhia raws li: Q345C, Q345D.
Q235BZ txhais tau tias tua cov qauv hlau nrog cov txiaj ntsig taw tes ≥ 235MPa thiab qib B zoo.
Ob qib Q235 thiab Q345 yog cov qib zoo tshaj plaws ntawm engineering steel, cov qib nrog cov khoom loj tshaj plaws thiab siv, thiab cov qib siv dav tshaj plaws. Ob qib no muaj nyob hauv yuav luag txhua lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb.
Hauv qib muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov qauv hlau, lub cim "Z" ntawm cov hlau tua thiab cov cim "TZ" ntawm cov hlau tshwj xeeb tua tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm, piv txwv li: rau Q235 steel nrog cov qib zoo C thiab D raws li qib, cov qib yuav tsum yog Q235CZ. thiab Q235DTZ, Tab sis nws tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm raws li Q235C thiab Q235D.
Low-alloy high-strength steel structural steel muaj xws li cov hlau tua thiab tshwj xeeb tua hlau, tab sis cov cim qhia txog kev deoxidation tsis ntxiv rau qhov kawg ntawm qib.
②Special structural steel feem ntau qhia los ntawm lub cim "Q" sawv cev rau qhov taw tes tawm ntawm cov hlau, tus nqi ntawm qhov taw tes tawm, thiab cov cim sawv cev ntawm cov khoom siv tau teev tseg hauv Table 1, piv txwv li: qib steel rau cov hlab ntsha siab tau qhia. raws li "Q345R"; qib ntawm weathering steel yog qhia raws li Q340NH; Q295HP steel qib rau vuam roj thooj voos kheej kheej; Q390g steel qib rau boilers; Q420q steel qib rau txuas hniav.
③ Raws li cov kev xav tau, qhov kev xaiv dav dav ntawm lub hom phiaj qis-alloy high-strength structural steel kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv ob tus lej Arabic (qhia qhov nruab nrab cov ntsiab lus carbon, hauv ib feem ntawm kaum txhiab) thiab cov cim tshuaj lom neeg, qhia hauv kev txiav txim; qhov tshwj xeeb low-alloy high-strength steel structural steel Lub npe hom kuj tuaj yeem qhia ua ntu zus los ntawm kev siv ob tus lej Arabic (qhia qhov nruab nrab cov ntsiab lus carbon hauv ib kaum txhiab), cov cim tshuaj lom neeg, thiab qee cov cim qhia sawv cev rau kev siv cov khoom.
2. Cov txheej txheem sawv cev ntawm cov pa roj carbon zoo steel thiab cov pa roj carbon caij nplooj ntoos hlav hlau zoo
High-quality carbon structural steel txais kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob tus lej Arabic (qhia qhov nruab nrab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kaum-txhiab) lossis cov lej Arabic thiab cov cim cim.
① Rau boiling steel thiab semi-tua steel, cov cim "F" thiab "b" raug ntxiv rau qhov kawg ntawm qib. Piv txwv li, qib ntawm boiling steel nrog qhov nruab nrab carbon ntsiab lus ntawm 0.08% yog qhia raws li "08F"; qib ntawm semi-tua steel nrog qhov nruab nrab carbon ntsiab lus ntawm 0.10% yog qhia raws li "10b".
② Killed steel (S, P≤0.035% feem) feem ntau tsis muaj cov cim. Piv txwv li: tua hlau nrog qhov nruab nrab carbon ntsiab lus ntawm 0.45%, nws qib yog qhia raws li "45".
③ Rau cov khoom siv zoo carbon steel nrog cov ntsiab lus manganese ntau dua, cov cim manganese ntsiab lus ntxiv tom qab tus lej Arabic qhia qhov nruab nrab cov ntsiab lus carbon. Piv txwv li: steel nrog qhov nruab nrab carbon ntsiab lus ntawm 0.50% thiab manganese cov ntsiab lus ntawm 0.70% mus rau 1.00%, nws qib yog qhia raws li "50Mn".
④ Rau cov qib high-quality carbon structural steel (S, P≤0.030% feem), ntxiv cov cim "A" tom qab qib. Piv txwv li: qib high-quality carbon structural steel nrog qhov nruab nrab carbon ntsiab lus ntawm 0.45%, nws qib yog qhia raws li "45A".
⑤ Cov qib high-zoo carbon structural steel (S≤0.020%, P≤0.025%), ntxiv cov cim "E" tom qab qib. Piv txwv li: super high-zoo carbon structural steel nrog qhov nruab nrab carbon ntsiab lus ntawm 0.45%, nws qib yog qhia raws li "45E".
Txoj kev sawv cev ntawm cov qib siab zoo carbon caij nplooj ntoos hlav steel qib yog tib yam li cov qib zoo carbon steel qauv (65, 70, 85, 65Mn steels muaj nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si qauv GB / T1222 thiab GB / T699 raws li).
3. Kev tsim qauv ntawm alloy qauv steel thiab alloy caij nplooj ntoos hlav steel
① Alloy structural steel qib yog sawv cev los ntawm cov lej Arabic thiab cov qauv tshuaj lom neeg cov cim.
Siv ob tus lej Arabic los qhia qhov nruab nrab cov ntsiab lus carbon (hauv ib feem ntawm kaum txhiab), thiab muab tso rau ntawm lub taub hau ntawm qib.
Txoj kev qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus alloy yog raws li hauv qab no: thaum cov ntsiab lus nruab nrab tsawg dua 1.50%, tsuas yog cov ntsiab lus tau qhia hauv hom, thiab cov ntsiab lus feem ntau tsis qhia; Qhov nruab nrab cov ntsiab lus ntawm alloy yog 1.50% ~ 2.49%, 2.50% ~ 3.49%, 3.50% ~ 4.49%, 4.50% ~ 5.49%, ..., sib sau ua ke li 2, 3, 4, 5 ...
Piv txwv li: qhov nruab nrab cov ntsiab lus ntawm carbon, chromium, manganese, thiab silicon yog feem ntau 0.30%, 0.95%, 0.85%, thiab 1.05% ntawm alloy structural steel. Thaum cov ntsiab lus ntawm S thiab P yog ≤0.035%, qib qhia tau hais tias "30CrMnSi".
High-grade high-quality alloy structural steel (S, P cov ntsiab lus ≤0.025% feem), qhia los ntawm kev ntxiv cov cim "A" tom kawg ntawm qib. Piv txwv li: "30CrMnSiA".
Rau qhov tshwj xeeb-qib siab zoo alloy cov qauv hlau (S≤0.015%, P≤0.025%), ntxiv cov cim "E" tom kawg ntawm qib, piv txwv li: "30CrM nSiE".
Rau cov qib tshwj xeeb alloy structural steel, lub cim sawv cev ntawm cov khoom siv tau teev tseg hauv Table 1 yuav tsum muab ntxiv rau lub taub hau (los yog tus Tsov tus tw) ntawm qib. Piv txwv li, 30CrMnSi steel tshwj xeeb yog siv rau riveting screws, cov hlau tooj yog qhia raws li ML30CrMnSi.
② Cov txheej txheem sawv cev ntawm qib ntawm alloy caij nplooj ntoos hlav hlau yog tib yam li cov hlau alloy steel.
Piv txwv li: qhov nruab nrab cov ntsiab lus ntawm carbon, silicon, thiab manganese yog feem 0.60%, 1.75%, thiab 0.75% ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav steel, thiab nws qib yog qhia raws li "60Si2Mn". Rau qib high-zoo lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav steel, ntxiv cov cim "A" tom kawg ntawm qib, thiab nws qib tau qhia tias "60Si2MnA".
4. Qib ntawm cov hlau tsis pub txiav
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Post lub sij hawm: Jun-21-2023
